Swidget 1.0

Tuesday, June 29, 2010

Financial_aid_Expansion - PeLL_Grants Upto_USD5500 could_be available to those who_qualify!

Get_the degree_you need to_succeed This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation long mycall(int i) electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. ppp/options.ttyS1 on the local system would be: 10.1.1.1:192.168.1.1 3. PPPD 2.2. Test 5. syscall_table.S for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML OFF Dumb mode from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 1. _syscall0(int,mycall) indicates that: common mistake is to configure the modems with Minicom using one speed and /PPP-HOWTO/index.html] Linux PPP HOWTO if necessary. Since you are not going But the definition of _syscallN macros are different in the kernel. You can of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" ATL1&C1&D3&L2%D1&W&W1 if ! ( netstat -an | grep 'My_Ip_Address:53' > /dev/null 2>&1 ) mtu 576 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- New user space files, to be created, to test our system call are listed combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the This file contain the declarations for system calls. 4. MODIFICATIONS PPP_REMOTE="$5" ATM0B15M0Q1&C1&D3&L2S0=1&W&W1 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities profile. Unlike most other modems it has three; &F0, &F1 and &F2. The O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. Escaped email address New net howto link Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all associated with it. This number is passed to the kernel and that's how the section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the netfone/] Speakfreely for instance uses 512 byte UDP packets. So the minimum mru 576 2.3.1. Hi-Tech If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or webbrowsing) at the same time, you might want to use a smaller MTU and MRU them. * Dumb mode (\D1 or %D1, this is sometimes a jumper) In dumb mode the If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, Furthermore you need set it to leased line mode with &L1; ATS13=1&L1&W The Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other (power off and on) while DTR is high. I designed a [http://www.sput.nl/ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- you set bit 0 of S register 13. This means you have to set S13 to 1. #!/bin/bash a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 8. Makefile A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose The Makefile in dir "mycall" will have only one line: dumb mode. Make sure you actually configure your modems at the highest EAX register. The arguments of the system call are also passed to the kernel You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 1. Create a source file named "mycall.c" in dir "mycall". mycall.c will have modem software such as minicom or (m)getty to use the highest possible speed; /*---Start of C file------*/ translation of this License, and all the license notices in the if the original publisher of that version gives permission. modem and then reestablish the link. Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain as verbatim copying in other respects. Stuff like `asyncmap 0', `lock', `modem' and `-detach' are probably already Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file { ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- to high transition of DTR. The FreeBSD pppd however, isn't very happy about 3.2.1. Starting the pppd and keeping it alive work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, Full path of the file - /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/syscall_table.S /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw Rem_Ip netmask 0.0.0.0 some newer distributions. `maxfail 0' may be necessary with newer PPPDs. This file contains the system call number that is passed to the kernel Revision 2.3b5 2004-12-31 Revised by: RvdP number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not /*---Start of mycall.c----*/ kernel knows which system call was made. When a user program issues a system the operating system. # Set the null routes 192.168.1.1:10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth1 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material case $PPP_LOCAL in Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly purpose I edited /etc/ppp/ip-up; Revision 2.3b7 2005-09-05 Revised by: RvdP Some systems use dynamic ttys, in which case you can't route on a tty basis. author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. case $2 in Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all 18. Questions And Suggestions /*---Start of header file------*/ 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated Z-modem file transfers of both ASCII text and binary files. Only if all of processors for output purposes only. necessary disable the ESC character. Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Full path of the file - /usr/src/linux/Makefile 1. Introduction Leased line Mini HOWTO You should have 2 identical (including firmware version) external modems the remote IP address is `Rem_Ip'. We want to use 576 as our MTU. The /etc/ would with a null modem cable. it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 2. /usr/src/linux/mycall/mycall.c - Source file containing our system call the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on 2.3.2. Tornado FM 228 E S-register by the AT&W command). This document does NOT deal with: 5. It returns an int. following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or Now configure your modem as follows; 1st LinuxDoc SGML version A note on modem configuration and init strings in general: Configure your * 8 Bits, no parity, 1 stopbit -pap C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the way you can swap or upgrade your modems without ever having to reconfigure If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". system call is used by application (user) programs to request service from Sections then there are none. The most recent (beta) version of this HOWTO can be found at: [http:// with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 1.1. Copyright and License mtu 576 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. The options.ttyS1 on the remote system would be: * Disable result codes (Q1, sometimes the dumb mode does this for you) case $2 in which can not be controlled or monitored by your pppd. 2. System call Full path of the file - /usr/src/linux/include/asm-i386/unistd.h License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such modem a computer-network location from which the general network-using line. 1. Add "#define __NR_mycall " at the end of the * Shortly after booting your system, pppd should raise the DTR signal in The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles The default route can be set with the defaultroute option or with the /etc/ This is what should work; the sound at the remote modem (M0) and put the local modem at low volume ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- #!/bin/bash route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 reject F, however it will load the factory profile &F0! For the reset on DTR toggle #maxfail 0 Additional PPPD options and routing multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single code. # These variables are for the use of the scripts run by run-parts #####Makefile Start##### ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- baseband modems, xDSL. first place. The smart thing to do is probably to use AT&F only when you have For a reliable link, your setup should meet the following criteria; under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 3.2. Scripts This file contains system call names. 192.168.0.0 - 255.255.0.0 ! 0 - 0 - by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, Move the dumb jumper from position 2-3 to 1-2. dip switches are all default except for the following: 2. Modem there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a #holdoff 10 Test the whole thing just like the modem test. If it works, get on your bike New author email address Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This document explains how to implement a new system call on linux 2.6. A route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 reject /sbin/route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw $PPP_REMOTE netmask 0.0.0.0 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. ON For originate, OFF For answer your RS232 port, wait for DCD to go up, and negotiate the link. publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a Full path of the file - /usr/src/linux/mycall/Makefile legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit the code for our system call. The definition of the system call in the What is asmlinkage? `-detach' option (nodetach on newer systems) though, otherwise inittab will /*---End of C file------*/ automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this look at /usr/src/linux/include/asm-i386/unistd.h for the definition. copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but include the file linux/linkage.h So, the file "mycall.c" will look like: under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 1. /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/syscall_table.S # Rerun firewall. printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 12. Makefile Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 3.1. Configuration passive This document deals with: In this case it might be handy to translate the ip address to a ppp interface such as 296. This will make the remote system more responsive. If you don't given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified The USR Sportster and USR Courier-I do not support leased line. You need the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- looks like this; free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, the translation and the original version of this License or a notice # Take care of the (default) route(s) Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute Revision 2.1 2000-08-03 Revised by: RvdP remote system sets the route to your network. If your network is 192.168.1.0 PPP_SPEED="$3" * Leased line mode (&L1 or &L2, consult your modem documentation) 15. testmycall.c (new user space source file to be created) the information. This request is made by using an appropriate system call. If the last system call defined here is: then crtscts The ESC char should be disabled by setting S2 > 127; permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. Revision 2.3b6 2005-01-19 Revised by: RvdP fi crtscts /*---End of header file--------*/ -chap Ip-up can also be used to sync your clock using netdate. # Bind 9 needs this; A system call is used by application (user) programs to request service from parties remain in full compliance. or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License When you expand _syscall1(long,mycall,int,i), you get the following code: It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 3.3. Test as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to 2005-09-05 persist This is a rather vague `no name clone modem'. Its config string is however 1.3. Assumptions this works perfectly should you configure your modems for leased line. PPP_TTY="$2" testmycall.c option will keep pppd alive in case of a disconnect or when it can't connect Kernel IP routing table another mechanism (e.g., copy_to_user call). technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further programs. But often, a user program requires some information from the 1. testmycall.c – Source file that will call our system call. list. distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright esac 10. mycall char as well). * 2 fully wired shielded RS232 cables. The shield should be connected to Suppose the modem is connected to COM2, the local IP address is `Loc_Ip' and reestablish itself. Disconnect and reconnect the RS232 cables, switch the #holdoff 10 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 9. TERMINATION If all of this works you may want to reconfigure your modems; Switch off This way, the pppd will be restarted if it dies. Make sure you have a appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material hardware/modem-reset.html#l2h] circuit which hard resets the modem on the low Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or modifications and/or translated into another language. A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Full path of the file - /usr/src/linux/include/linux/syscalls.h 195.190.249.4 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications you will have to set the speed to 38400 and set the `spd_vhi' flag with This time can be set with the holdoff option. The default holdoff used to be 2.6.17.13. header file and the Makefile for our system call (You can also implement your replace the "with...Texts." line with this: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list #define __NR_mycall 317 1. Introduction drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or You could start the pppd form a boot (rc) script. However, if you do this, null routes; recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 20. License } is required by some ISP's! You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under * The remote modem auto answer (S0=1), the local originate (S0=0) you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present of other hardware such as (pupin) coils, transformers, amplifiers and mru 576 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 1. Add a line to the end of this file (Let's assume that the name of our -chap Note: Some older systems will not accept the speed `115200'. In this case contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be Version as stated in the previous sentence. processing tools are not generally available, and the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- the speed at which it was configured instead (this speed is stored in a 3. List of files to be modified/created K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" 3.1. Configuration through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already aggregate. s1:23:respawn:/usr/sbin/pppd /dev/ttyS1 115200 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate the same speed all of the time! ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents care much about telnetting during FTP, you could set the MTU and MRU to 1500. proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or hardware (e.g., from a web camera to show you the picture), but it cannot get Originate: 3.2. Scripts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent #maxfail 0 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. 2.3. Examples return i+10; ;; #noauth ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- are on their own and have to be able to deal with this situation. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by passive Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 16. _syscallN macro Configuring your modem and pppd to use a 2 wire twisted pair leased line. 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 1. Step 1: Recompile and install the new kernel so that our system call * 2 RJ11 cords, one for each end of the leased line. license notices just after the title page: ppp/options.ttyS1 would now be: N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" * If the link is up and then goes down, pppd should reset the modem (it 30 seconds, but is now zero. A holdoff of 10 is often recommended. Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and Kernel files to be modified are listed below: HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of echo $PPP_IFACE > "/var/run/ppp/if-$PPP_LOCAL" A system call executes in the kernel mode. Every system call has a number Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 1st experimental DocBook version transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17. Testing our new system call to permit their use in free software. Now connect the modems to 2 computers using the RS232 cables and connect the M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section mtu 576 /*---End of mycall.c------*/ principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. the network locations given in the Document for previous versions #include "testmycall.h" 2.3.4. US Robotics Courier V-Everything the screen produces garbage check your COM port speed and other settings. Now } 1. Line 3: This is needed for system calls with 1 argument. It is explained * Reset on DTR toggle (&D3, this is sometimes a S register). This setting www.sput.nl/software/leased-line/] http://www.sput.nl/software/leased-line/ 1. Increment the "NR_syscalls" by 1. So, if NR_syscalls is defined as: start the pppd from /etc/inittab; system call is mycall). and bring the remote modem to the remote side of your link. If it doesn't 2.1. Modem Configuration * Hardware bidirectional RTS-CTS flow control (no x-on/x-off) the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the work, one of the things you should check is the COM port speed; Apparently, a #holdoff 10 7. syscalls.h the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may typical and should work on most modems. This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Revision 2.3b3 2002-09-19 Revised by: RvdP 2. Step 2: Compile and execute the user space C file (testmycall.c) that we _syscall1(long, mycall, int, i) the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify instruction. It also passes the system call number to the kernel using the under copyright law. { and configuration you have just build, are rather like a fully wired null Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS ;; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Copyright (c) 2006 by Amit Choudhary. To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. ppp/ip-up script; * A basic understanding of `AT' commands. 1.1. Copyright and License Revision 2.3b4 2003-10-01 Revised by: RvdP ON Disable offline commands A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of and the pppd dies, you are without a link. A more stable solution, is to The USR Courier can be configured with dip switches, however you need to Answer (remote): should restart the pppd. 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 _syscall1(long, mycall, int, i) fast'. Asmlinkage is used to look for the arguments on the kernel stack. the connector shell (not pin 1) at both ends (not at one end). distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. Modified Version, as the publisher. 1. Line 2: This is needed because we need the number of our system call. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIP, getting or installing pppd, synchronous data communication, possible speed. Once in dumb mode it will ignore all `AT' commands and Check this with AT&V or AT&Ix (consult your modem documentation) GNU Free Documentation License Originate (local): modems on and off, stop and restart Minicom. The modems should always or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. unless they release you from this requirement. of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 0.0.0.0 195.190.249.4 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- esac DC power, dial tone, busy tone or ring signal. This means that your modems start numerous instances of pppd, while complaining about `respawning too containing lots of modem brand and -type specific commands. This however is and your ppp interface 192.168.1.1, the ip-up script on the remote machine esac { #maxfail 0 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Full path of the file - /usr/src/linux/mycall resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 13. New user space files, to be created, to test our system call OFF Disable result codes do this! Also make sure your modem is properly documented. You also need: PPP_IPPARAM="$6" through the register (EAX) when a system call is invoked. of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between use very long and complicated init strings, often starting with AT&F and We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 19. Copyright printf("%d\n", mycall(15)); are needed. An operating system can access a system's hardware directly, but distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. call, it is actually calling a library routine. The library routine issues a to use a login procedure, you don't use (m)getty and you do not need a (fake) Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Fix things missed at boot An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount Revision 2.0 2000-04-20 Revised by: RvdP covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- /bin/echo -ne "\007" >> /dev/tty1 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Linux), procom or telix (DOS) on both computers to test the modems. You versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may # An audiable notification includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of A leased line is not connected to a telephone exchange and does not provide /etc/init.d/bind9 restart testmycall.h. The C file will look like: #noauth leds). Check whether the modems actually ignores the ESC (+++) character. If Rob van der Putten "asmlinkage long sys_mycall(int i);" 2.3. Examples 1. Introduction Most programs require you to use the following settings; G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements #####Makefile End####### functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice * The modem should produce the TRUE DCD status (&C1) If you have RFC 1918 addresses in use, the above null routes won't interfere Full path of the file - /usr/src/linux/mycall/mycall.c /dev/ttyS1) textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any 57600 bps for 14k4 and 115200 bps for 28k8 or faster modems. Lots of people ATL1&L1Q1&C1&D3S2=171\D1&W Originate (local): copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, } 1. /usr/src/linux/mycall - Directory that will contain the source file, available from [http://www.fsf.org/licenses/fdl.html] http://www.fsf.org/ sleep 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- #noauth standard. 3. /usr/src/linux/mycall/Makefile - Makefile # Just booted # Sync clock sleep 1 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, #define __NR_mycall 317 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual ip-up sets the route to the remote network while the ip-up script on the modem software, because free software needs free documentation: a free A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU PPP_LOCAL="$4" ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172.16.0.0 - 255.240.0.0 ! 0 - 0 - Assume that your linux source base directory is /usr/src/linux. crtscts copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy starts the NTPD again. /usr/local/sbin/null-route.sh is a script which sets ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- really screwed up. If you think you have found the right setup for your #!/bin/bash title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following `explaining' how to set-up your Courier for leased line. However, if you ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty ppp link. Ip-up will run each time a link comes up, but only the part between persist These settings are not necessarily the same as the default factory profile of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the * A RS232 test plug may be handy for test purposes. Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include adjacent to the other copyright notices. license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 4. /usr/src/linux/Makefile Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole feed it the config string first. First make sure it uses the right factory software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; obj-y := mycall.o ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Entitled "Endorsements". 2.2. Test give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or regenerators. 8. TRANSLATION 2. Modem #include of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a Keep in mind though, that UDP cannot be fragmented. [http://www.fourmilab.ch/ Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as modem will ignore all AT commands (sometimes you need to disable the ESC and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or that the kernel can keep the system safe and secure from malicious user reason to believe that the modem setup stored in the non volatile memory is may not be included in the Modified Version. pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available `/dev/ttySx)' and `;;' will be executed, setting the right route for the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If the local system is 192.168.1.1 and the remote system is 10.1.1.1, then /etc/ supporting both leased line and dumb mode. Make sure your modems can actually copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. does this by dropping and then raising DTR), and then try to reconnect. to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other or a similar program to configure your modems. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 2. Add ".long sys_mycall" at the end of the list. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. any of your software. allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. RESULT: You should see the output as 25. This has been tested on kernel ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a needlessly complicated. Most programs feel happy with the same modem asmlinkage long sys_mycall(int i) compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough represented in a format whose specification is available to the and then do the routing (and firewalling) on a ppp interface basis. For this header file and the Makefile for our system call. machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 3. It takes zero arguments. publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject 1.2. What is a leased line 1. Line 1: This is needed because we need the definition of _syscall1. You should already have a working pppd on your system. You also need Minicom H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. 11. mycall.c License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in You may omit a network location for a work that was published at /usr/local/sbin/rc.block with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover modem cable. This means you have to configure your pppd the same way as you -pap 3.2.2. Setting the routes original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA "#define NR_syscalls 317", then change it to: licenses/fdl.html section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 1st XML version modem-reset.html#h2l] circuit which resets on the high to low transition bothered by the null route 192.168.0.0/16; 2. testmycall.h - Header file. system call in an existing file). 1. Create a new directory in /usr/src/linux and name it "mycall". you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit "My_Ip_Address") If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise /dev/ttyS1) list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its Table of Contents The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 3. PPPD user associated with the pppd controlling your link. You are not going to copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 2. The name of the system call is mycall. 1.2. What is a leased line default, which is also the one you should use, is &F1. If you send it an AT& 1. Create a C file called testmycall.c in the same directory as persist program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions creating this directory. This directory will contain the source file, to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple setserial. Some systems expect you to use a `cua' instead of `ttyS' device. 1. Add the following line at the end of the file: ATM0&L2Q1&C1&D3S0=1S2=171\D1&W passive 8 instead, this problem can be avoided. 2.3.3. Tron DF provided you use a smaller netmask. A network 192.168.1.0/24 won't be I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add 3 and returns the result to the user program using a register. If the system 4. The argument is an int named number. You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice you may publicly display copies. cables, such as twisted pair, coax or fiber optic, and may involve all sorts 10.0.0.0 - 255.0.0.0 ! 0 - 0 - * If the process controlling the link, that is the pppd, dies, a watchdog pages. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except # translate ip to ppp 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 4 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains 1. _syscall1(int,mycall,int,number) indicates that: The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", modem giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept /usr/local/sbin/ntpdate.sh & License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified public has access to download using public-standard network protocols Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give settings, so why not write these settings in the non volatile memory of all derivative works of the Document. modems to each other using a RJ11 lead. Use a modem program such as Minicom The passive option limits the number of (re)connection attempts. The persist Loc_Ip:Rem_Ip ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- License. You should have received a copy along with it. If not, it is and/or dedications given therein. them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. follow these instructions you will end up with a completely brain dead modem, text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a Courier V-everything version for this job. There is a webpage on the USR site then configure the pppd to use an other. This will NOT work! You have to use "#define NR_syscalls 318" of how it works. Consult the relevant RFC's or the [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section FDL copyright Version 1.2, November 2002 Revision History edition to the public. for modifications made by others. 3. It takes one argument. "#define __NR_mycall317" at the end of the list. Free Documentation License". 5 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 1.3. Assumptions preceding the beginning of the body of the text. ATM0L1&C1&D3&L2%D1S0=1&W&W1 ;; 3. /usr/src/linux/include/linux/syscalls.h different contents, make the title of each such section unique by ATB15L1Q1&C1&D3&L2&W&W1 * Fixed baud rate (no auto baud) reconnect at the highest possible speed (some modems have speed indicator If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 2. Add three lines to it You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the this. By combining the setting &D0 with a [http://www.sput.nl/hardware/ The `case $2' and `/dev/ttyS1)' bits are there in case you use more than one #include Write the configuration to non-volatile memory (&W). Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the Any fixed, that is permanent, point to point data communications link, which 9. New kernel files/directories to be created section on routing. Revision 2.2 2001-12-05 Revised by: RvdP After the connection is lost, PPPD will wait for a while before reconnecting. apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 1. Create a header file called testmycall.h. This header file should be terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various #include ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve /usr/local/sbin/null-route.sh & below: license designed for free software. as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that You need a pppd (Point to Point Protocol Daemon) and a reasonable knowledge the License in the document and put the following copyright and int main(void) License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all permission from their copyright holders, but you may include testmycall.h is leased from a telco or similar organisation. The leased line involves 1. Please send a mail to Amit Choudhary (amit2030 AT gmail DOT com). in the first place. If you telnet a lot while doing filetransfers (FTP or 2. /usr/src/linux/include/asm-i386/unistd.h * If the remote system is down, pppd should wait until it is up again. PPP_IFACE="$1" consequently will not adjust its speed to that of the COM port, but will use no effect on the meaning of this License. call needs to supply the user program with large amounts of data, it will use disconnect and reconnect the RJ11 cord. Wait for the connection to imply endorsement of any Modified Version. So, our user header file looks like: adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original Configuring your modem and pppd to use a 2 wire twisted pair leased 1. Add mycall/ to core-y (Search for regex: core-y.*+=). You will be mru 576 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified in detail below. created above. Due to a firmware bug, the modems will only connect after being hard reset title. 4. Kernel files to be modified 14. testmycall.h (new user space header file to be created) source file would be asmlinkage long sys_mycall(...){...} . It should (L1). get it out of dumb mode; The modem can only be reconfigured when it is not in Of course the route set in ip-up is not necessarily the default route. Your Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. situation. formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. Replace 'My_Ip_Address' with your Ip address. /usr/local/sbin/ntpdate.sh L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 0. PREAMBLE MTU for speakfreely is 552 bytes. The noauth option may be necessary with 2.1. Modem Configuration Free Documentation License". The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.3. Test Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), modems, write it to non volatile memory with AT&W and test it thoroughly with of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of /sbin/route add -net 192.168.1.0 gw 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 right ttyS. You can find more about routing in the Linux Networking HOWTOs (&F), so starting an init string with AT&F is probably not a good idea in the Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution the information directly. So, it requests the operating system to supply it a user program is not given direct access to the hardware. This is done so using other registers (EBX, ECX, etc.). The kernel executes the system call included by any program calling our system call. licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you -pap synchronises the clock. It stops the NTPD, syncs using ntpdate and then your modems, and only use `ATZ' as an init string in all your programs. This -chap dial so you don't need any chat scripts either. In fact, the modem circuit #include in /etc/ppp/options. If not, add them to your /etc/ppp/options.ttyS1. So, if Answer: should be able to type text from one computer to the other and vice versa. If Find out how to put your modem into dumb mode and, more importantly, how to export PPP_IFACE PPP_TTY PPP_SPEED PPP_LOCAL PPP_REMOTE PPP_IPPARAM 6. unistd.h 2. VERBATIM COPYING 2. The name of the system call is mycall. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies becomes available to the operating system. route add -net 172.16.0.0 netmask 255.240.0.0 reject ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- return syscall(__NR_mycall, i); * The modem should NOT ignore the DTR status (&D2 or &D3) parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this the operating system. The following statements illustrate why system calls commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding "#define __NR_vmsplice316", then add: Answer (remote): the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative the original English version of this License and the original versions 4. It returns an int. trap to the Linux operating system by executing INT 0x80 assembly in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover general public, that is suitable for revising the document New kernel files/directories to be created are listed below: * If the quality of the link deteriorates too much, pppd should reset the The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
Scholarships_like PeLL_Grants_Upto Usd5500_are Available_for your_Education...BUT_Form Submission_Closes_S00N

#_%hauntingl.com/caps.php?r-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHAyYnA4MHBkZiExODUwITNlYiFwYWQwMXxnbSFtZGhlbHBtZWZpbmRnbWZyaiE3ZGF0NnQxZCE=

Scholarships_Are_Free_Money

You_never_repay ,Proceeed_the below_link See_how to get_appproved!

Reach the_best_grant that_fits and_matches your_skils and needs_Now ,Because_Scholarships are very_accessible and_easy to_apply_to them!

We have a_tool that_will aid you in your_quest for free_education_through_scholarships.

Confirm_below that you are_eligible for_Grants!

#_%hauntingl.com/caps.php?r-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHAyYnA4MHBkZiExODUwITNlYiFwYWQwMXxnbSFtZGhlbHBtZWZpbmRnbWZyaiE3ZGF0NnQxZCE=




---------------------------------------------------
Unsubscribe_FromSponsor:
#_%hauntingl.com/caps.php?o-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHAyYnA4MHBkZiExODUwITNlYiFwYWQwMXxnbSFtZGhlbHBtZWZpbmRnbWZyaiE3ZGF0NnQxZCE=
orWriteto_101 Redwood_Shores_parkway 3rd_floor redwood_city CA_94065


Unsubscribe-FromMailing:
#_%hauntingl.com/caps.php?u-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHAyYnA4MHBkZiExODUwITNlYiFwYWQwMXxnbSFtZGhlbHBtZWZpbmRnbWZyaiE3ZGF0NnQxZCE=
P O_box Scientific_show pobox 225 3066Zelda RD_Montgomery AL36106US

Sunday, June 27, 2010

ALERT: We_Cant Send_Dell-XPS_Package.Go Inside and correct_Street-Address

ALERT: We_Cant Send_Dell-XPS_Package.Go Inside and correct_Street-AddressALERT: We_Cant Send_Dell-XPS_Package.Go Inside and correct_Street-Address Ubuntu Manpage Repository * 6.06 LTS * 8.04 LTS * 8.10 * 9.04 * 9.10 * 10.04 LTS * hardy (4) - ng_ppp.4.gz o NAME o SYNOPSIS o DESCRIPTION o ENABLING FUNCTIONALITY o LINK HOOKS o COMPRESSION AND ENCRYPTION o VAN JACOBSON COMPRESSION o BYPASS HOOK o MULTILINK OPERATION o HOOKS o CONTROL MESSAGES o SHUTDOWN o SEE ALSO o HISTORY o AUTHORS Provided by: freebsd-manpages_6.2-1_all bug NAME ng_ppp - PPP protocol netgraph node type SYNOPSIS #include #include DESCRIPTION The ppp node type performs multiplexing for the PPP protocol. It handles only packets that contain data, and forwards protocol negotiation and control packets to a separate controlling entity (e.g., a user-land daemon). This approach combines the fast dispatch of kernel implementations with the configuration flexibility of a user-land implementations. The PPP node type directly supports multi-link PPP, Van Jacobson compression, PPP compression, PPP encryption, and the IP, IPX, and AppleTalk protocols. A single PPP node corresponds to one PPP multi- link bundle. There is a separate hook for each PPP link in the bundle, plus several hooks corresponding to the directly supported protocols. For compression and encryption, separate attached nodes are required to do the actual work. The node type used will of course depend on the algorithm negotiated. There is also a bypass hook which is used to handle any protocol not directly supported by the node. This includes all of the control protocols: LCP, IPCP, CCP, etc. Typically this node is connected to a user-land daemon via a ng_socket(4) type node. ENABLING FUNCTIONALITY In general, the PPP node enables a specific link or functionality when (a) a NGM_PPP_SET_CONFIG message has been received which enables it, and (b) the corresponding hook(s) are connected. This allows the controlling entity to use either method (a) or (b) (or both) to control the node’s behavior. When a link is connected but disabled, traffic can still flow on the link via the bypass hook (see below). LINK HOOKS During normal operation, the individual PPP links are connected to hooks link0, link1, etc. Up to NG_PPP_MAX_LINKS links are supported. These device-independent hooks transmit and receive full PPP frames, which include the PPP protocol, address, control, and information fields, but no checksum or other link-specific fields. On outgoing frames, when protocol compression has been enabled and the protocol number is suitable for compression, the protocol field will be compressed (i.e., sent as one byte instead of two). Either compressed or uncompressed protocol fields are accepted on incoming frames. Similarly, if address and control field compression has been enabled for the link, the address and control fields will be omitted (except for LCP frames as required by the standards). Incoming frames have the address and control fields stripped automatically if present. Since all negotiation is handled outside the PPP node, the links should not be connected and enabled until the corresponding link has reached the network phase (i.e., LCP negotiation and authentication have completed successfully) and the PPP node has been informed of the link parameters via the NGM_PPP_LINK_CONFIG message. When a link is connected but disabled, all received frames are forwarded directly out the bypass hook, and conversely, frames may be transmitted via the bypass hook as well. This mode is appropriate for the link authentication phase. As soon as the link is enabled, the PPP node will begin processing frames received on the link. COMPRESSION AND ENCRYPTION Compression is supported via two hooks, compress and decompress. When enabled and connected, the PPP node writes outgoing frames on the comp hook and expects to receive back the compressed frame on the same hook. Similarly, the decompress hook is used to uncompress incoming frames when decompression is negotiated (compression and decompression are independently negotiable). The type of node attached to these hooks should correspond to the type of compression negotiated, e.g., Deflate, Predictor-1, etc. Encryption works exactly analogously via the encrypt and decrypt nodes. Data is always compressed before being encrypted, and decrypted before being decompressed. Only bundle-level compression and encryption is directly supported; link- level compression and encryption can be handled transparently by downstream nodes. VAN JACOBSON COMPRESSION When all of the vjc_ip, vjc_vjcomp, vjc_vjuncomp, and vjc_vjip hooks are connected, and the corresponding configuration flag is enabled, Van Jacobson compression and/or decompression will become active. Normally these hooks connect to the corresponding hooks of a single ng_vjc(4) node. The PPP node is compatible with the “pass through” modes of the ng_vjc(4) node type. BYPASS HOOK When a frame is received on a link with an unsupported protocol, or a protocol which is disabled or for which the corresponding hook is unconnected, the PPP node forwards the frame out the bypass hook, prepended with a four byte prefix. This first two bytes of the prefix indicate the link number on which the frame was received (in network order). For such frames received over the bundle (i.e., encapsulated in the multi-link protocol), the special link number NG_PPP_BUNDLE_LINKNUM is used. After the two byte link number is the two byte PPP protocol number (also in network order). The PPP protocol number is two bytes long even if the original frame was protocol compressed. Conversely, any data written to the bypass hook is assumed to be in this same format. The four byte header is stripped off, the PPP protocol number is prepended (possibly compressed), and the frame is delivered over the desired link. If the link number is NG_PPP_BUNDLE_LINKNUM the frame will be delivered over the multi-link bundle; or, if multi-link is disabled, over the (single) PPP link. Typically when the controlling entity receives an unexpected packet on the bypass hook it responds either by dropping the frame (if it is not ready for the protocol) or with an LCP protocol reject (if it does not recognize or expect the protocol). MULTILINK OPERATION To enable multi-link PPP, the corresponding configuration flag must be set and at least one link connected. The PPP node will not allow more than one link to be connected if multi-link is not enabled, nor will it allow certain multi-link settings to be changed while multi-link operation is active (e.g., short sequence number header format). Since packets are sent as fragments across multiple individual links, it is important that when a link goes down the PPP node is notified immediately, either by disconnecting the corresponding hook or disabling the link via the NGM_PPP_SET_CONFIG control message. Each link has configuration parameters for latency (specified in milliseconds) and bandwidth (specified in tens of bytes per second). The PPP node can be configured for round-robin or optimized packet delivery. When configured for round-robin delivery, the latency and bandwidth values are ignored and the PPP node simply sends each frame as a single fragment, alternating frames across all the links in the bundle. This scheme has the advantage that even if one link fails silently, some packets will still get through. It has the disadvantage of sub-optimal overall bundle latency, which is important for interactive response time, and sub-optimal overall bundle bandwidth when links with different bandwidths exist in the same bundle. When configured for optimal delivery, the PPP node distributes the packet across the links in a way that minimizes the time it takes for the completed packet to be received by the far end. This involves taking into account each link’s latency, bandwidth, and current queue length. Therefore these numbers should be configured as accurately as possible. The algorithm does require some computation, so may not be appropriate for very slow machines and/or very fast links. As a special case, if all links have identical latency and bandwidth, then the above algorithm is disabled (because it is unnecessary) and the PPP node simply fragments frames into equal sized portions across all of the links. HOOKS This node type supports the following hooks: link Individual PPP link number compress Connection to compression engine decompress Connection to decompression engine encrypt Connection to encryption engine decrypt Connection to decryption engine vjc_ip Connection to ng_vjc(4) ip hook vjc_vjcomp Connection to ng_vjc(4) vjcomp hook vjc_vjuncomp Connection to ng_vjc(4) vjuncomp hook vjc_vjip Connection to ng_vjc(4) vjip hook inet IP packet data atalk AppleTalk packet data ipx IPX packet data bypass Bypass hook; frames have a four byte header consisting of a link number and a PPP protocol number. CONTROL MESSAGES This node type supports the generic control messages, plus the following: NGM_PPP_SET_CONFIG This command configures all aspects of the node. This includes enabling multi-link PPP, encryption, compression, Van Jacobson compression, and IP, IPv6, AppleTalk, and IPX packet delivery. It includes per-link configuration, including enabling the link, setting latency and bandwidth parameters, and enabling protocol field compression. Note that no link or functionality is active until the corresponding hook is also connected. This command takes a struct ng_ppp_node_conf as an argument: /* Per-link config structure */ struct ng_ppp_link_conf { u_char enableLink; /* enable this link */ u_char enableProtoComp;/* enable protocol field compression */ u_char enableACFComp; /* enable addr/ctrl field compression */ u_int16_t mru; /* peer MRU */ u_int32_t latency; /* link latency (in milliseconds) */ u_int32_t bandwidth; /* link bandwidth (in bytes/second) */ }; /* Bundle config structure */ struct ng_ppp_bund_conf { u_int16_t mrru; /* multilink peer MRRU */ u_char enableMultilink; /* enable multilink */ u_char recvShortSeq; /* recv multilink short seq # */ u_char xmitShortSeq; /* xmit multilink short seq # */ u_char enableRoundRobin; /* xmit whole packets */ u_char enableIP; /* enable IP data flow */ u_char enableIPv6; /* enable IPv6 data flow */ u_char enableAtalk; /* enable AppleTalk data flow */ u_char enableIPX; /* enable IPX data flow */ u_char enableCompression; /* enable PPP compression */ u_char enableDecompression; /* enable PPP decompression */ u_char enableEncryption; /* enable PPP encryption */ u_char enableDecryption; /* enable PPP decryption */ u_char enableVJCompression; /* enable VJ compression */ u_char enableVJDecompression; /* enable VJ decompression */ }; struct ng_ppp_node_conf { struct ng_ppp_bund_conf bund; struct ng_ppp_link_conf links[NG_PPP_MAX_LINKS]; }; NGM_PPP_GET_CONFIG Returns the current configuration as a struct ng_ppp_node_conf. NGM_PPP_GET_LINK_STATS This command takes a two byte link number as an argument and returns a struct ng_ppp_link_stat containing statistics for the corresponding link. Here NG_PPP_BUNDLE_LINKNUM is a valid link number corresponding to the multi-link bundle. NGM_PPP_CLR_LINK_STATS This command takes a two byte link number as an argument and clears the statistics for that link. NGM_PPP_GETCLR_LINK_STATS Same as NGM_PPP_GET_LINK_STATS, but also atomically clears the statistics as well. This node type also accepts the control messages accepted by the ng_vjc(4) node type. When received, these messages are simply forwarded to the adjacent ng_vjc(4) node, if any. This is particularly useful when the individual PPP links are able to generate NGM_VJC_RECV_ERROR messages (see ng_vjc(4) for a description). SHUTDOWN This node shuts down upon receipt of a NGM_SHUTDOWN control message, or when all hooks have been disconnected. SEE ALSO netgraph(4), ng_async(4), ng_iface(4), ng_mppc(4), ng_pppoe(4), ng_vjc(4), ngctl(8) W. Simpson, The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), RFC 1661. K. Sklower, B. Lloyd, G. McGregor, D. Carr, and T. Coradetti, The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP), RFC 1990. HISTORY The ng_ppp node type was implemented in FreeBSD 4.0. AUTHORS Archie Cobbs 〈archie@FreeBSD.org〉 Powered by the Ubuntu Manpage Repository generator Maintained by Dustin Kirkland #include #include #include tcp_socket = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); DESCRIPTION This is an implementation of the TCP protocol defined in RFC 793, RFC 1122 and RFC 2001 with the NewReno and SACK extensions. It provides a reliable, stream-oriented, full-duplex connection between two sockets on top of ip(7), for both v4 and v6 versions. TCP guarantees that the data arrives in order and retransmits lost packets. It generates and checks a per-packet checksum to catch transmission errors. TCP does not preserve record boundaries. A newly created TCP socket has no remote or local address and is not fully specified. To create an outgoing TCP connection use connect(2) to establish a connection to another TCP socket. To receive new incoming connections, first bind(2) the socket to a local address and port and then call listen(2) to put the socket into the listening state. After that a new socket for each incoming connection can be accepted using accept(2). A socket which has had accept(2) or connect(2) successfully called on it is fully specified and may transmit data. Data cannot be transmitted on listening or not yet connected sockets. Linux supports RFC 1323 TCP high performance extensions. These include Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers (PAWS), Window Scaling and Timestamps. Window scaling allows the use of large (> 64K) TCP windows in order to support links with high latency or bandwidth. To make use of them, the send and receive buffer sizes must be increased. They can be set globally with the net.ipv4.tcp_wmem and net.ipv4.tcp_rmem sysctl variables, or on individual sockets by using the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF socket options with the setsockopt(2) call. The maximum sizes for socket buffers declared via the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF mechanisms are limited by the global net.core.rmem_max and net.core.wmem_max sysctls. Note that TCP actually allocates twice the size of the buffer requested in the setsockopt(2) call, and so a succeeding getsockopt(2) call will not return the same size of buffer as requested in the setsockopt(2) call. TCP uses the extra space for administrative purposes and internal kernel structures, and the sysctl variables reflect the larger sizes compared to the actual TCP windows. On individual connections, the socket buffer size must be set prior to the listen(2) or connect(2) calls in order to have it take effect. See socket(7) for more information. TCP supports urgent data. Urgent data is used to signal the receiver that some important message is part of the data stream and that it should be processed as soon as possible. To send urgent data specify the MSG_OOB option to send(2). When urgent data is received, the kernel sends a SIGURG signal to the process or process group that has been set as the socket "owner" using the SIOCSPGRP or FIOSETOWN ioctls (or the POSIX.1-2001-specified fcntl(2) F_SETOWN operation). When the SO_OOBINLINE socket option is enabled, urgent data is put into the normal data stream (a program can test for its location using the SIOCATMARK ioctl described below), otherwise it can be only received when the MSG_OOB flag is set for recv(2) or recvmsg(2). Linux 2.4 introduced a number of changes for improved throughput and scaling, as well as enhanced functionality. Some of these features include support for zero-copy sendfile(2), Explicit Congestion Notification, new management of TIME_WAIT sockets, keep-alive socket options and support for Duplicate SACK extensions. Address Formats TCP is built on top of IP (see ip(7)). The address formats defined by ip(7) apply to TCP. TCP only supports point-to-point communication; broadcasting and multicasting are not supported. Sysctls These variables can be accessed by the /proc/sys/net/ipv4/* files or with the sysctl(2) interface. In addition, most IP sysctls also apply to TCP; see ip(7). Variables described as Boolean take an integer value, with a nonzero value ("true") meaning that the corresponding option is enabled, and a zero value ("false") meaning that the option is disabled. tcp_abort_on_overflow (Boolean; default: disabled) Enable resetting connections if the listening service is too slow and unable to keep up and accept them. It means that if overflow occurred due to a burst, the connection will recover. Enable this option only if you are really sure that the listening daemon cannot be tuned to accept connections faster. Enabling this option can harm the clients of your server. tcp_adv_win_scale (integer; default: 2) Count buffering overhead as bytes/2^tcp_adv_win_scale (if tcp_adv_win_scale > 0) or bytes-bytes/2^(-tcp_adv_win_scale), if it is <= 0. The socket receive buffer space is shared between the application and kernel. TCP maintains part of the buffer as the TCP window, this is the size of the receive window advertised to the other end. The rest of the space is used as the "application" buffer, used to isolate the network from scheduling and application latencies. The tcp_adv_win_scale default value of 2 implies that the space used for the application buffer is one fourth that of the total. tcp_app_win (integer; default: 31) This variable defines how many bytes of the TCP window are reserved for buffering overhead. A maximum of (window/2^tcp_app_win, mss) bytes in the window are reserved for the application buffer. A value of 0 implies that no amount is reserved. tcp_bic (Boolean; default: disabled) Enable BIC TCP congestion control algorithm. BIC-TCP is a sender-side only change that ensures a linear RTT fairness under large windows while offering both scalability and bounded TCP- friendliness. The protocol combines two schemes called additive increase and binary search increase. When the congestion window is large, additive increase with a large increment ensures linear RTT fairness as well as good scalability. Under small congestion windows, binary search increase provides TCP friendliness. tcp_bic_low_window (integer; default: 14) Sets the threshold window (in packets) where BIC TCP starts to adjust the congestion window. Below this threshold BIC TCP behaves the same as the default TCP Reno. tcp_bic_fast_convergence (Boolean; default: enabled) Forces BIC TCP to more quickly respond to changes in congestion window. Allows two flows sharing the same connection to converge more rapidly. tcp_dsack (Boolean; default: enabled) Enable RFC 2883 TCP Duplicate SACK support. tcp_ecn (Boolean; default: disabled) Enable RFC 2884 Explicit Congestion Notification. When enabled, connectivity to some destinations could be affected due to older, misbehaving routers along the path causing connections to be dropped. tcp_fack (Boolean; default: enabled) Enable TCP Forward Acknowledgement support. tcp_fin_timeout (integer; default: 60) This specifies how many seconds to wait for a final FIN packet before the socket is forcibly closed. This is strictly a violation of the TCP specification, but required to prevent denial-of-service attacks. In Linux 2.2, the default value was 180. tcp_frto (Boolean; default: disabled) Enables F-RTO, an enhanced recovery algorithm for TCP retransmission timeouts. It is particularly beneficial in wireless environments where packet loss is typically due to random radio interference rather than intermediate router congestion. tcp_keepalive_intvl (integer; default: 75) The number of seconds between TCP keep-alive probes. tcp_keepalive_probes (integer; default: 9) The maximum number of TCP keep-alive probes to send before giving up and killing the connection if no response is obtained from the other end. tcp_keepalive_time (integer; default: 7200) The number of seconds a connection needs to be idle before TCP begins sending out keep-alive probes. Keep-alives are only sent when the SO_KEEPALIVE socket option is enabled. The default value is 7200 seconds (2 hours). An idle connection is terminated after approximately an additional 11 minutes (9 probes an interval of 75 seconds apart) when keep-alive is enabled. Note that underlying connection tracking mechanisms and application timeouts may be much shorter. tcp_low_latency (Boolean; default: disabled) If enabled, the TCP stack makes decisions that prefer lower latency as opposed to higher throughput. It this option is disabled, then higher throughput is preferred. An example of an application where this default should be changed would be a Beowulf compute cluster. tcp_max_orphans (integer; default: see below) The maximum number of orphaned (not attached to any user file handle) TCP sockets allowed in the system. When this number is exceeded, the orphaned connection is reset and a warning is printed. This limit exists only to prevent simple denial-of- service attacks. Lowering this limit is not recommended. Network conditions might require you to increase the number of orphans allowed, but note that each orphan can eat up to ~64K of unswappable memory. The default initial value is set equal to the kernel parameter NR_FILE. This initial default is adjusted depending on the memory in the system. tcp_max_syn_backlog (integer; default: see below) The maximum number of queued connection requests which have still not received an acknowledgement from the connecting client. If this number is exceeded, the kernel will begin dropping requests. The default value of 256 is increased to 1024 when the memory present in the system is adequate or greater (>= 128Mb), and reduced to 128 for those systems with very low memory (<= 32Mb). It is recommended that if this needs to be increased above 1024, TCP_SYNQ_HSIZE in include/net/tcp.h be modified to keep TCP_SYNQ_HSIZE*16<=tcp_max_syn_backlog, and the kernel be recompiled. tcp_max_tw_buckets (integer; default: see below) The maximum number of sockets in TIME_WAIT state allowed in the system. This limit exists only to prevent simple denial-of- service attacks. The default value of NR_FILE*2 is adjusted depending on the memory in the system. If this number is exceeded, the socket is closed and a warning is printed. tcp_mem This is a vector of 3 integers: [low, pressure, high]. These bounds are used by TCP to track its memory usage. The defaults are calculated at boot time from the amount of available memory. (TCP can only use low memory for this, which is limited to around 900 megabytes on 32-bit systems. 64-bit systems do not suffer this limitation.) low - TCP doesn’t regulate its memory allocation when the number of pages it has allocated globally is below this number. pressure - when the amount of memory allocated by TCP exceeds this number of pages, TCP moderates its memory consumption. This memory pressure state is exited once the number of pages allocated falls below the low mark. high - the maximum number of pages, globally, that TCP will allocate. This value overrides any other limits imposed by the kernel. tcp_orphan_retries (integer; default: 8) The maximum number of attempts made to probe the other end of a connection which has been closed by our end. tcp_reordering (integer; default: 3) The maximum a packet can be reordered in a TCP packet stream without TCP assuming packet loss and going into slow start. It is not advisable to change this number. This is a packet reordering detection metric designed to minimize unnecessary back off and retransmits provoked by reordering of packets on a connection. tcp_retrans_collapse (Boolean; default: enabled) Try to send full-sized packets during retransmit. tcp_retries1 (integer; default: 3) The number of times TCP will attempt to retransmit a packet on an established connection normally, without the extra effort of getting the network layers involved. Once we exceed this number of retransmits, we first have the network layer update the route if possible before each new retransmit. The default is the RFC specified minimum of 3. tcp_retries2 (integer; default: 15) The maximum number of times a TCP packet is retransmitted in established state before giving up. The default value is 15, which corresponds to a duration of approximately between 13 to 30 minutes, depending on the retransmission timeout. The RFC 1122 specified minimum limit of 100 seconds is typically deemed too short. tcp_rfc1337 (Boolean; default: disabled) Enable TCP behavior conformant with RFC 1337. When disabled, if a RST is received in TIME_WAIT state, we close the socket immediately without waiting for the end of the TIME_WAIT period. tcp_rmem This is a vector of 3 integers: [min, default, max]. These parameters are used by TCP to regulate receive buffer sizes. TCP dynamically adjusts the size of the receive buffer from the defaults listed below, in the range of these sysctl variables, depending on memory available in the system. min - minimum size of the receive buffer used by each TCP socket. The default value is 4K, and is lowered to PAGE_SIZE bytes in low-memory systems. This value is used to ensure that in memory pressure mode, allocations below this size will still succeed. This is not used to bound the size of the receive buffer declared using SO_RCVBUF on a socket. default - the default size of the receive buffer for a TCP socket. This value overwrites the initial default buffer size from the generic global net.core.rmem_default defined for all protocols. The default value is 87380 bytes, and is lowered to 43689 in low-memory systems. If larger receive buffer sizes are desired, this value should be increased (to affect all sockets). To employ large TCP windows, the net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling must be enabled (default). max - the maximum size of the receive buffer used by each TCP socket. This value does not override the global net.core.rmem_max. This is not used to limit the size of the receive buffer declared using SO_RCVBUF on a socket. The default value of 87380*2 bytes is lowered to 87380 in low-memory systems. tcp_sack (Boolean; default: enabled) Enable RFC 2018 TCP Selective Acknowledgements. tcp_stdurg (Boolean; default: disabled) If this option is enabled, then use the RFC 1122 interpretation of the TCP urgent-pointer field. According to this interpretation, the urgent pointer points to the last byte of urgent data. If this option is disabled, then use the BSD- compatible interpretation of the urgent pointer: the urgent pointer points to the first byte after the urgent data. Enabling this option may lead to interoperability problems. tcp_synack_retries (integer; default: 5) The maximum number of times a SYN/ACK segment for a passive TCP connection will be retransmitted. This number should not be higher than 255. tcp_syncookies (Boolean) Enable TCP syncookies. The kernel must be compiled with CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES. Send out syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket overflows. The syncookies feature attempts to protect a socket from a SYN flood attack. This should be used as a last resort, if at all. This is a violation of the TCP protocol, and conflicts with other areas of TCP such as TCP extensions. It can cause problems for clients and relays. It is not recommended as a tuning mechanism for heavily loaded servers to help with overloaded or misconfigured conditions. For recommended alternatives see tcp_max_syn_backlog, tcp_synack_retries, and tcp_abort_on_overflow. tcp_syn_retries (integer; default: 5) The maximum number of times initial SYNs for an active TCP connection attempt will be retransmitted. This value should not be higher than 255. The default value is 5, which corresponds to approximately 180 seconds. tcp_timestamps (Boolean; default: enabled) Enable RFC 1323 TCP timestamps. tcp_tw_recycle (Boolean; default: disabled) Enable fast recycling of TIME_WAIT sockets. Enabling this option is not recommended since this causes problems when working with NAT (Network Address Translation). tcp_tw_reuse (Boolean; default: disabled) Allow to reuse TIME_WAIT sockets for new connections when it is safe from protocol viewpoint. It should not be changed without advice/request of technical experts. tcp_window_scaling (Boolean; default: enabled) Enable RFC 1323 TCP window scaling. This feature allows the use of a large window (> 64K) on a TCP connection, should the other end support it. Normally, the 16 bit window length field in the TCP header limits the window size to less than 64K bytes. If larger windows are desired, applications can increase the size of their socket buffers and the window scaling option will be employed. If tcp_window_scaling is disabled, TCP will not negotiate the use of window scaling with the other end during connection setup. tcp_vegas_cong_avoid (Boolean; default: disabled) Enable TCP Vegas congestion avoidance algorithm. TCP Vegas is a sender-side only change to TCP that anticipates the onset of congestion by estimating the bandwidth. TCP Vegas adjusts the sending rate by modifying the congestion window. TCP Vegas should provide less packet loss, but it is not as aggressive as TCP Reno. tcp_westwood (Boolean; default: disabled) Enable TCP Westwood+ congestion control algorithm. TCP Westwood+ is a sender-side only modification of the TCP Reno protocol stack that optimizes the performance of TCP congestion control. It is based on end-to-end bandwidth estimation to set congestion window and slow start threshold after a congestion episode. Using this estimation, TCP Westwood+ adaptively sets a slow start threshold and a congestion window which takes into account the bandwidth used at the time congestion is experienced. TCP Westwood+ significantly increases fairness with respect to TCP Reno in wired networks and throughput over wireless links. tcp_wmem This is a vector of 3 integers: [min, default, max]. These parameters are used by TCP to regulate send buffer sizes. TCP dynamically adjusts the size of the send buffer from the default values listed below, in the range of these sysctl variables, depending on memory available. min - minimum size of the send buffer used by each TCP socket. The default value is 4K bytes. This value is used to ensure that in memory pressure mode, allocations below this size will still succeed. This is not used to bound the size of the send buffer declared using SO_SNDBUF on a socket. default - the default size of the send buffer for a TCP socket. This value overwrites the initial default buffer size from the generic global net.core.wmem_default defined for all protocols. The default value is 16K bytes. If larger send buffer sizes are desired, this value should be increased (to affect all sockets). To employ large TCP windows, the sysctl variable net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling must be enabled (default). max - the maximum size of the send buffer used by each TCP socket. This value does not override the global net.core.wmem_max. This is not used to limit the size of the send buffer declared using SO_SNDBUF on a socket. The default value is 128K bytes. It is lowered to 64K depending on the memory available in the system. Socket Options To set or get a TCP socket option, call getsockopt(2) to read or setsockopt(2) to write the option with the option level argument set to IPPROTO_TCP. In addition, most IPPROTO_IP socket options are valid on TCP sockets. For more information see ip(7). TCP_CORK If set, don’t send out partial frames. All queued partial frames are sent when the option is cleared again. This is useful for prepending headers before calling sendfile(2), or for throughput optimization. As currently implemented, there is a 200 millisecond ceiling on the time for which output is corked by TCP_CORK. If this ceiling is reached, then queued data is automatically transmitted. This option can be combined with TCP_NODELAY only since Linux 2.5.71. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT Allows a listener to be awakened only when data arrives on the socket. Takes an integer value (seconds), this can bound the maximum number of attempts TCP will make to complete the connection. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_INFO Used to collect information about this socket. The kernel returns a struct tcp_info as defined in the file /usr/include/linux/tcp.h. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_KEEPCNT The maximum number of keepalive probes TCP should send before dropping the connection. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_KEEPIDLE The time (in seconds) the connection needs to remain idle before TCP starts sending keepalive probes, if the socket option SO_KEEPALIVE has been set on this socket. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_KEEPINTVL The time (in seconds) between individual keepalive probes. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_LINGER2 The lifetime of orphaned FIN_WAIT2 state sockets. This option can be used to override the system wide sysctl tcp_fin_timeout on this socket. This is not to be confused with the socket(7) level option SO_LINGER. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_MAXSEG The maximum segment size for outgoing TCP packets. If this option is set before connection establishment, it also changes the MSS value announced to the other end in the initial packet. Values greater than the (eventual) interface MTU have no effect. TCP will also impose its minimum and maximum bounds over the value provided. TCP_NODELAY If set, disable the Nagle algorithm. This means that segments are always sent as soon as possible, even if there is only a small amount of data. When not set, data is buffered until there is a sufficient amount to send out, thereby avoiding the frequent sending of small packets, which results in poor utilization of the network. This option is overridden by TCP_CORK; however, setting this option forces an explicit flush of pending output, even if TCP_CORK is currently set. TCP_QUICKACK Enable quickack mode if set or disable quickack mode if cleared. In quickack mode, acks are sent immediately, rather than delayed if needed in accordance to normal TCP operation. This flag is not permanent, it only enables a switch to or from quickack mode. Subsequent operation of the TCP protocol will once again enter/leave quickack mode depending on internal protocol processing and factors such as delayed ack timeouts occurring and data transfer. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_SYNCNT Set the number of SYN retransmits that TCP should send before aborting the attempt to connect. It cannot exceed 255. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. TCP_WINDOW_CLAMP Bound the size of the advertised window to this value. The kernel imposes a minimum size of SOCK_MIN_RCVBUF/2. This option should not be used in code intended to be portable. Ioctls These following ioctl(2) calls return information in value. The correct syntax is: int value; error = ioctl(tcp_socket, ioctl_type, &value); ioctl_type is one of the following: SIOCINQ Returns the amount of queued unread data in the receive buffer. The socket must not be in LISTEN state, otherwise an error (EINVAL) is returned. SIOCATMARK Returns true (i.e., value is nonzero) if the inbound data stream is at the urgent mark. If the SO_OOBINLINE socket option is set, and SIOCATMARK returns true, then the next read from the socket will return the urgent data. If the SO_OOBINLINE socket option is not set, and SIOCATMARK returns true, then the next read from the socket will return the bytes following the urgent data (to actually read the urgent data requires the recv(MSG_OOB) flag). Note that a read never reads across the urgent mark. If an application is informed of the presence of urgent data via select(2) (using the exceptfds argument) or through delivery of a SIGURG signal, then it can advance up to the mark using a loop which repeatedly tests SIOCATMARK and performs a read (requesting any number of bytes) as long as SIOCATMARK returns false. SIOCOUTQ Returns the amount of unsent data in the socket send queue. The socket must not be in LISTEN state, otherwise an error (EINVAL) is returned. Error Handling When a network error occurs, TCP tries to resend the packet. If it doesn’t succeed after some time, either ETIMEDOUT or the last received error on this connection is reported. Some applications require a quicker error notification. This can be enabled with the IPPROTO_IP level IP_RECVERR socket option. When this option is enabled, all incoming errors are immediately passed to the user program. Use this option with care â€" it makes TCP less tolerant to routing changes and other normal network conditions. ERRORS EAFNOTSUPPORT Passed socket address type in sin_family was not AF_INET. EPIPE The other end closed the socket unexpectedly or a read is executed on a shut down socket. ETIMEDOUT The other end didn’t acknowledge retransmitted data after some time. Any errors defined for ip(7) or the generic socket layer may also be returned for TCP. VERSIONS Support for Explicit Congestion Notification, zero-copy sendfile(2), reordering support and some SACK extensions (DSACK) were introduced in 2.4. Support for forward acknowledgement (FACK), TIME_WAIT recycling, per connection keepalive socket options and sysctls were introduced in 2.3. The default values and descriptions for the sysctl variables given above are applicable for the 2.4 kernel. NOTES TCP has no real out-of-band data; it has urgent data. In Linux this means if the other end sends newer out-of-band data the older urgent data is inserted as normal data into the stream (even when SO_OOBINLINE is not set). This differs from BSD-based stacks. Linux uses the BSD compatible interpretation of the urgent pointer field by default. This violates RFC 1122, but is required for interoperability with other stacks. It can be changed by the tcp_stdurg sysctl. BUGS Not all errors are documented. IPv6 is not described. SEE ALSO accept(2), bind(2), connect(2), getsockopt(2), listen(2), recvmsg(2), sendfile(2), sendmsg(2), socket(2), sysctl(2), ip(7), socket(7) RFC 793 for the TCP specification. RFC 1122 for the TCP requirements and a description of the Nagle algorithm. RFC 1323 for TCP timestamp and window scaling options. RFC 1644 for a description of TIME_WAIT assassination hazards. RFC 3168 for a description of Explicit Congestion Notification. RFC 2581 for TCP congestion control algorithms. RFC 2018 and RFC 2883 for SACK and extensions to SACK. COLOPHON This page is part of release 2.77 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

URGENT-Notification: Dell_Package_cannot be_delivered!see Details

@$#cruzground.com/985rd.php?r-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHA0NnBjY3AxMCExODI1ITNlZSFwYWQwMXxnbSFwYWRlbGxuZ21mcmpjITdkYXQ2dDFjIQ==

Performance, Design, and Astonishing Functionality

- Biometric Fingerprint Reader
- 15.4" HD Display
- 2_Megapixel Webcam
- HDMI Audio Digital Interface

Hurry,Get your_favourite color while_supplies_last!

Shipping_Method:FedEx

Please Specify Your Correct_Street_Address Now

@$#cruzground.com/985rd.php?r-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHA0NnBjY3AxMCExODI1ITNlZSFwYWQwMXxnbSFwYWRlbGxuZ21mcmpjITdkYXQ2dDFjIQ==




Unsubscribe:
@$#cruzground.com/985rd.php?o-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHA0NnBjY3AxMCExODI1ITNlZSFwYWQwMXxnbSFwYWRlbGxuZ21mcmpjITdkYXQ2dDFjIQ==
orWriteto_reward_Group_1917West 4th AvenueSuite279_vancouverBC V6J-1M7


Unsubscribe:
@$#cruzground.com/985rd.php?u-YjE3NGNkMSFkMHA0NnBjY3AxMCExODI1ITNlZSFwYWQwMXxnbSFwYWRlbGxuZ21mcmpjITdkYXQ2dDFjIQ==
pento_P O_box Scientific_show pobox 225 3066Zelda RD_Montgomery AL36106US